- 10. ISSUE (March 1999) -
.
EU Research Project |
| CONTENTS |
| EDITORIAL NOTE |
| MANAGEMENT NOTES |
Task 6.7 Critical validation of the Baltic Sea model with selected
observational data sets
Andreas Lehmann pointed out that this task is partly
covered by 6.56.6, so that the results of the analysis will be a part
of this task. Anders Omstedt will also contribute to results from the PROBEBaltic.
The progress will be summarized by the SMHI and theIFM. The task is on
schedule.
Task 6.8 Development and comparison of vertical diffusion paramterization
schemes for ice covered seas
Since Markus Meier has officially left the subproject,
his tasks have to be distributed among the members of the subproject. The
participants discussed how to proceed. Markus Meier stated that he will
take part in further meetings of the subproject to foster the information
exchange between the group and the newly formed Rossby Center (Norrk¨oping,
Sweden). The group agreed that the k - epsilon Kiel model and the Helsinki
moderate resolution model Since this work has already started in the last
year, the progress achieved so far will be summarized by Jari Haapala (UH)
and Andreas Lehmann (IfM). From 1st of August to 31st October 1998 Jari
Haapala will work in the Theoretical Department of Oceanography at the
IfMKiel. It is planned that during his stay much of the comparison
work will be done in Kiel.
Task 6.10 Examination of pack ice mechanics paramterization schemes
At the BALTEX conference, Jari Haapala reported
on modelling of the ice thickness redistribution. An extended ice classification
improves the description of minimum ice strength and thus gives more realistic
ice velocities when thin ice is present. Also the different thermodynamic
growth/melting rates of the ice types can be introduced into the model,
hence giving more detailed seasonal evolution of the pack ice. Jari Haapala
and Matti Lepp¨aranta (UH) will summarize the progress of this task.
Task 6.11 Examination the role of ice melting processes in the full
model
Jari Haapala pointed out that at the UH much progress
has been achieved by a study on snow and snow ice in sea ice thermodynamic
modelling presented by Tuomo Saloranta (T. Saloranta, 1998). In additions,
UH has performed optical sea ice measurements in the Gulf of Finland during
spring, 1998. The progress of this task will be summarized by Jari Haapala
with an additional contribution by Anders Omstedt. It seems that this task
cannot be finalized as required (s. Technical Annex), so that the work
will be continued in the 3rd year.
| SCIENTIFIC NOTES |
| SCIENTIFIC PAPERS |
Furthermore the control of salinity has been shown to occur by river runoff (Launiainen & Vihma, 1990) and other weather related factors (Matthaus & Schinke, 1994). Salinity changes of the Baltic Sea have been attributed to irregular pulses of North Sea water penetrating the Danish Sounds. However, the occurrence of major pulses has proved unpredictable, and they were almost totally lacking during the 1980´s. Furthermore, the observation series collected on the occurrence of major pulses of saline water has not allowed for building up a predictive model.
Moreover, the salinities respond to changes in the runoff from the total catchment area of the Baltic with a lag of about one year. During the years of high NAO there has been a substantial increase in the rainfall over an area extending from the Northern Germany and the British Isles over Scandinavia. Simultaneously the Baltic Sea has experienced an almost total lack of saline water pulses which would have increased the salinity. Thus the predictive ability of our models is based on the time lag between the cyclones forming in the Atlantic and their migration and subsequent rainfall and runoff over the Scandinavia, here exemplified with the Baltic Sea cathment area.
The eutrophication and its effect on marine biota and water quality
are one of the most important contemporary problems of the Baltic Sea.
The eutrophication and its consequences had specific features at various
regions, determined by local nutrient loads, water exchange, hydrologic
and geomorphologic properties.
We set the analysis of one Baltic Sea region as
a task for this study. The long-term dynamics of phyto- and zooplankton
species composition and biomass in the Eastern Gotland Basin are described
trying to find out the environmental factors responsible for these changes.
As the decrease of salinity and its impact on zooplankton abundance has
been reported from the other areas of the Baltic Sea (Viitasalo et al.,
1995) we expected some salinity induced changes in species composition
and decline in total zooplankton abundance.
Sampling and analysis
Phytoplankton was sampled in the central part of
the Gotland Deep at station BMP J1 in February, May, August and October-November
of 1976-1990. Sampling was fulfilled with water sampler at 0.5, 10 and
20 m depth (Fig.1). Samples were analyzed under binocular microscope MBI-3,
the biomass (wet weight) was calculated according to measured cell volume
and the abundance of cells in 0-20 m layer.
Zooplankton was sampled at 6-8 stations in the Eastern
Gotland Basin (Fig.1) at the same months as phytoplankton. Samples were
gathered with Juday net (160 microns mesh size) by vertical hauls in the
layers of 0-25, 25-50 and 50-100 m. The data were integrated for 0-100
m layer to avoid the impact of vertical migration, the biomass (wet weight)
was calculated according to abundance and individual weights of organisms.
Hydrological (water temperature, salinity, oxygen
concentration) and hydrochemical (concentrations of phosphates, total phosphorus,
nitrites and nitrates) data sampled simultaneously with plankton material
at station BMP J1 were used for characterization of environment. The average
values of nutrient concentrations for 0-10 m layer, of temperature and
salinity for 0-20 m and 50-100 m layers, of oxygen content for 50-100 m
layer and 150m depth were calculated.
For characteristics of the solar radiation data
of Riga Hydrometeorological Observatory on amount of sunshine hours in
January-February at 1976-1990 were used.
Seasonal approach was used when analyzing the long-term
dynamics of both environmental conditions and communities. The correlation
method was applied for determination of effect of environmental factors.
| Season | Taxonomic group | Amount of species |
| Winter | Diatomophyceae
Dinophyceae Chlorophyceae Cyanophyceae Cryptophyceae |
7
9
5
9
1
|
| Spring | Diatomophyceae
Dinophyceae Chlorophyceae Cyanophyceae Cryptophyceae Euglenophyceae Chrysophyceae |
27
19
5
6
1
2
1
|
| Summer | Diatomophyceae
Dinophyceae Chlorophyceae Cyanophyceae Cryptophyceae Euglenophyceae Chrysophyceae |
10
15
12
14
3
1
1
|
| Autumn | Diatomophyceae
Dinophyceae Chlorophyceae Cyanophyceae Cryptophyceae Euglenophyceae |
16
10
9
9
3
1
|
Zooplankton organisms in February of 1976-1991 were represented in the main by copepods, rotifer Synchaeta baltica found in small numbers. Pseudocalanus elongatus had the highest biomass till 1981 and rapid decline of it afterwards, with strong negative trend (r2= 0.79, p=0.001, n=14) thus corresponding with the trends of salinity. The biomasses of Acartia spp. and Temora longicornis did not reach very high values but their part in the total biomass raised after Pseudocalanus decrease.The total biomass of zooplankton changed from 22 to 350 mgm-3. Same declining tendency (r2=0.81, p=0.016, n=14) after 1981 reflected the dynamics of Pseudocalanus biomass.
Spring
In May of 1976-1992 the water temperature in 0-20
m layer changed between 3.2 °C and 8.2 °C, in 50-100 m layer -
between 2.0 °C and 4.6 °C. The long-term dynamics in both layers
did not had any tendencies although in 1988-1992 temperature in the upper
layer was the highest during the whole period of investigations.
The nutrient pool in May was considerably utilized
already. Phosphate concentrations were between 0.06 - 0.39 mmol/l
and their long-term trend was negative (r2=0.62, p=0.002, n=12).
Content of nitrites+nitrates altered from 0.10 - 0.55 mmol/l
but reflected no common long-term trend. The DIN/DIP ratio was 0.5-5.0.
Our data on silicate concentrations in the investigated region are only
from 1985-1990. They fluctuated between 4.9-13.8 mmol/l.
Phytoplankton species composition consisted of 61
taxons (Table 1). Diatoms and dinophlagellates were the most abundant.
The considerable increase in the part of dinophlagellates (particularly
- Peridiniella catenata) in the total phytoplankton biomass was the most
important change in community structure. The total phytoplankton biomass
showed an increasing trend (r2=0.64, p=0.0097, n=9). Long-term
dynamics of phytoplankton biomass did not coincide with water temperature
and nutrient concentration.
Zooplankton species composition in spring included
copepods, rotifers, Appendicularia, also cladocerans. The long-term changes
in community structure manifested as drastic decrease of Pseudocalanus
biomass in 1980s and significant increase in biomass of rotifers at the
end of 1980s. The biomass of Acartia spp. also obtained more considerable
role in total zooplankton biomass during 1980s. The total zooplankton biomass
varied from 49-269 mgm-3. Its long-term tendencies had a negative
trend in 1980-1987 (r2=0.60, p=0.041, n=8), coinciding with
decrease of Pseudocalanus biomass, and features of increase afterwards
due to high numbers of rotifers. Water temperature determined most considerably
the time and intensity of zooplankton biomass development (r2=0.62,
p=0.001, n=13) and salinity (r2=0.51, p=0.001, n=11) affected
the level of biomass.
Summer
In August of 1976-1992 water temperature in 0-20
m layer was between 12.6 °C and 17.5 °C, in 50-100 m layer - between
2.5 °C and 4.8 °C. The long-term dynamics in the upper layer showed
no general trends, although in summers of 1983-1990 (except 1987) the values
were higher than the long-term average. No trends were observed in the
lower layer.
The concentrations of phosphates were low - 0.03-0.25
mmol/l, with decrease observed in 1977 -1985
(Fig.4). Total phosphorus concentration changed from 0.33 to 0.80 mmol/l,
having a tendency to increase after 1986 (Fig.4). The concentrations of
nitrites+nitrates were between 0.12 and 0.45 mmol/l,
without any general long-term trends.
Phytoplankton species composition in 1976-1990 included
56 taxons (Table 1). The blue-green algae (except in 1983 and 1990) were
the basic contributors to total phytoplankton biomass (Fig.2). In 1983
diatoms and in 1990 dinophlagellates were prevailing (Fig.2). The main
change in community structure was the decrease of biomass of Snowella lacustris
after 1981. A appearance of high abundance of Cryptophyceae after 1981
was observed although no representatives of this group occured in the formaline-fixed
samples before. However, this phenomenon did not have a considerable importance
in total phytoplankton biomass, which fluctuated in limits of 38.7-1234.5
mgm-3. The average biomasses in 1970s were higher than in 1980
(if not regarding 1981 and 1987).
Zooplankton species composition in summer included more cladoceran - Bosmina longispina, Podon spp. , rotifer - Keratella spp. and meroplanktonic - Bivalvia spp. representatives, together with copepods Pseudocalanus elongatus, Acartia spp., Temora longicornis, Centropages hamatus (Fig.3). The decrease of biomass of Pseudocalanus occuring since beginning of 1980s and increase of Bosmina biomass observed in 1982-1990 were the most obvious changes in community's structure. Total zooplankton biomass fluctuated from 284 - 707 mgm-3 without a common trend. Also correspondance of biomass with long-term dynamics of temperature, salinity and food supply was not confirmed.
Autumn
In October-November the water temperature in 0-20
m layer varied from 6.7 °C to 10.9 °C, in 50-100 m layer - from
2.9 °C to 5.4 °C. The long-term tendencies were not stated as the
interannual variation in both layers was high due to autumn convection.
Considerable variation was obvious also in nutrient
concentrations - 0.05 - 0.48 mmol/l for phosphates,
0.32-0.73 mmol/l for total phosphorus and 0.09
- 1.63 mmol/l for nitrites+nitrates. Clear trends
were not found for these parameters, too.
Phytoplankton species composition included 48 taxons (Table 1). Diatoms,
dinophlagellates, blue-green algae were forming the largest part of total
biomass. A small growth in biomass of dinophlagellates in 1985-1987 and
exceptional increase of Coscinodiscus granii biomass in 1988-1990 characterized
the changes in the structure of community. The total phytoplankton biomass
was between 36 and 1610 mgm-3 having no general long-term trend.
No relationship with thermal or nutrient regimes was found.
All abovementioned copepods, cladocerans - Evadne
nordmanni, rotifers - S. baltica and Appendicularia species formed zooplankton
community in autumn. The decrease of Pseudocalanus biomass was observed
also in autumn since 1982. Total biomass changed from 73 to 329 mgm-3
and had a negative trend (r2= 0.73, p=0.0068, n=8) after 1982
(Fig. 6). The correspondance with salinity dynamics was found (r2=0.62,
p=0.0007, n=14).
In the frames of the BASYS project (Subproject 1b: Processing of historical data) Latvian Fisheries Research Institute (LATFRI) worked on establishment of five data bases: hydrology in the Central Baltic, zooplankton in the Central Baltic, ichthyoplankton in the Central Baltic, feeding of herring and feeding of sprat. Currently the analysis of these long -term data series are performed to explain the observed variability of hydrological and biological parameters.
The oceanographic investigations in the Central part of the Baltic sea were carried out since 1960. These investigations include seasonal measurements of water temperature, salinity and oxygen content as well as meteorological observations, and cover the Eastern part of the Gotland Deep or the Latvian economical zone in the Baltic sea. In 1970s and 1980s additional more frequent (monthly) sampling was performed on some selected stations. The first analysis of long-term changes of water salinity and temperature in the Central Baltic was presented at the 2nd BASYS conference in Stockholm. Based on the seasonal observations the oceanographic parameters were calculated for the different water layers. They characterised the main parameters in the upper layer 0 to 50 m, in the layer of halocline 70-150 m and in the deepest layer 150-200 m. Periods with an obvious trends were distinguished after analysing the material. The tendencies in the changes of salinity and temperature in the different regions and water layers coincided only partly. Two periods with the opposite tendencies were found in the upper layer: salinity was increasing until the end of the 1970s, and afterwards it was decreasing. 4 periods were found in the layer of halocline: slight increase in salinity in the 1960s, quasiconstant level of salinity in the 1970s, sharp decline in the 1980s, and rapid increase in the 1990s. In the deepest layer salinity was decreasing until the beginning of 1990s, afterwards short-term very rapid increase of it was observed. The mean water temperature in halocline was increasing till 1977, then there was a decrease till 1988 and a rapid increase till 1991. In the 1990 the water temperature in halocline is slowly decreasing. At present the analysis is continued to seek relationships between salinity in the Central Baltic and river run-off, sea level and large-scale atmospheric circulation (climate change).
Regular investigations of zooplankton in the Central Baltic are carried out since 1960. There are four seasonal surveys every year covering a net of stations in the economical zone of Latvia (eastern part of the Gotland Deep). Until 1991 the zooplankton samples were taken also in the northern and southern parts of the Baltic sea. All zooplankton species or larger taxonomic units were determined in the samples. For Copepoda species also all stages of development (7) were determined. The abundance of certain zooplankton species depend on many factors such as water salinity, temperature, feeding conditions, predation and interaction with other species. Besides the influence of these factors is variable with seasons, years and longer periods. The hydrological environment and the predation pressure of pelagic fishes has significantly changed since the beginning of 80s. Due to the lack of strong inflows from the North sea the salinity in the Central Baltic has decreased. A row of mild winters since 1989 has changed the temperature regime especially in winter and spring. Since the end of 1980s the stock size of sprat has significanly increased due to successful reproduction in 1990s and decreased predation pressure of cod (ICES, 1998). On contrary the stock biomass of herring in the Central Baltic is gradually diminishing since the beginning of 1980s (Figure 1).
All these changes have their impact on the zooplankton community. In the previous studies some relationships between zooplankton and pelagic fishes have been stated. Thus the decrease of Pseudocalanus elongatus abundance was positively correlated with the decrease of mean weight-at-age of herring (Naglis and Sidrevics, 1993). In the neighbouring Gulf of Riga the abundance of Limnocalanus macrurus was negatively correlated with the stock size of the Gulf herring (Sidrevics et al, 1993). The species composition of zooplankton in the Central Baltic is rather stable while relative abundances of many species has signicantly changed during the investigation period. Ps. elongatus which was one of the dominating species till 1987 has strongly decreased in number (Figure 2).
On the contrary the abundance of Temora longicornis and Acartia spp. has increased still both having high interannual variability. The brackish water species Eurytemora affinis has become more frequent and abundant in the investigated area.The decrease of Ps. elongatus abundance is related to the diminishment of salinity in the Central Baltic still the influence of pelagic fish predation can not be excluded. At present long-term changes of zooplankton species abundance and their links with hydrography and other environmental factors (also large-scale atmospheric circulation) are studied using statistical downscaling.
Regular ichthyoplankton surveys (3-5 a year) are performed in the Central Baltic since 1973. Fish eggs and larvae are determined to species, counted and measured. Beginning with the mid 1980s the abundance of cod eggs and larvae in the Gotland Deep has strongly diminished. In the beginning of 1990s the eggs and larvae of cod were not found but since 1994 they are again in the samples although in very low numbers. In 1990s this region has lost its importance as spawning and reproduction area for cod. On contrary the abundance of sprat eggs and larvae has considerably increased especially in 1990s due to the increased spawning stock biomass. Other fish species are less abundant in the samples. The long term-data series are analysed with the aim to use ichthyoplankton data for prediction of year-class strength of sprat which has very high interannual variability. Besides long-term changes in the abundance and composition of ichthyoplankton in the Central Baltic will be analysed.
The feeding of pelagic fishes in the Central Baltic is studied in LATFRI
since 1977. Since the beginning of 1980s the mean weight-at-age of herring
started to decrease. At present in many regions of the Baltic sea the mean
weight-at-age of herring is at its lowiest level since the beginning of
1970s. Since 1993 similar decrease of mean weight-at-age is observed also
for sprat. Simultaneously changes in diet of herring and sprat have
been revealed. The analysis of herring feeding were presented at the 2nd
BASYS conference. In this as well as in previous analysis the daily feeding
activity, long-term changes of food spectrum of herring and sprat
was described (Davidyuk et al, 1992, Fetter and Davidyuk, 1996). It was
concluded that during the whole period of 1977-1998 the main food components
of herring Pseudocalanus elongatus and Mysis sp. were substituted by Temora
longicornis. The food spectrum of sprat has not changed so drastically
although in 1990s the importance of Acartia spp. has increased especially
in some years while T. longicornis is still the main food item of sprat.
Significance of Ps.elongatus and T.longicornis for herring feeding
during the whole period changed conversely. In 1977-1983 Ps.elongatus
was the main food for herring but after 1987 it practically vanished from
herring diet. On the contrary T. longicornis being before 1982-1983 less
important food item for herring, after 1985 quite strongly increased in
herring diet. Also the condition factor of herring was studied in connection
with herring feeding and chnges in mean-weight-at-age. Although the condition
factor fluctuated it did not show so drastic decrease compared with fish
weight and length. The low values of condition factor for winter were observed
in 1985-1990. It was an intermediate period in the herring growth dynamics.
In the period of low growth of herring (1992-1996) the values of
condition factor for winter were nearly on the level of 1977-1983
when the growth rate of fishes was high.
At present the data of herring and sprat feeding are analysed jointly.
The main goal of the work is the comparative description of feeding dynamics
- sesonal and interannual- with the emphasis on the resemblance and differences
between the main pelagic species. A possible food competition will be discussed
according to spatial variability of food composition and feeding periodicity
of herring and sprat. The estimation of daily rations and annual food consumption
will be performed from the observations in the investigated period.
In order to shed some light on this problem we determined the annual averaged circulation from a coupled sea iceocean model run for 1992. The model has a horizontal resolution of approximately 5 km and 41 levels in the vertical which enables us to resolve the upper 100 m with levels of 3 m thickness. The model is forced by realistic atmospheric conditions taken from the SMHI meteorological data base and by river runoff taken from a monthly mean runoff data set. Prognostic variables are the 3D current field, temperature, salinity and oxygen and the 2D surface elvations and the barotropic tranport. These prognostic variables have been extracted from the model every 6 hours and were subsequently averaged over the whole year 1992.
B = ( u2 + v2 )1/2 /
( N-1 ( Snun2
+ vn2 )1/2 )
u = N-1 Snun
v = N-1 Snvn
with u and v the averaged components of the flow, and N is the number of current observation at the location under consideration. The vectorial mean is obtained by taking the vectorial mean value of individually observed current vectors, and the arithmetic mean velocity is obtained by averaging the speeds without regard to the current direction (Neumann and Pierson, 1967).
As can be seen from Fig. 1 the most pronounced structure with the highest
stability is a cyclonic circulation cell comprising the eastern Gotland
Basin. Most of the water is recirculating in the eastern part, but at the
northern tip there is a bifurcation into the western part. This current
branch bifurcates again with one branch flowing south of Öland
into the Bornholm Basin and returning into the eastern Gotland Basin by
passing through the Stolpe Trench. The second branch closes the loop into
the eastern Gotland Basin through a passage between the Middle Bank and
Hoburg Bank. On average the stability of the circulation pattern in the
Gotland Basin is higher than 50 % which means in more than 50 % of the
observations (model data
every 6 hours) this pattern is prevailing. About 1000 the main part
of the water mass circulation comprising the whole Gotland Basin occur
above the permanent halocline. Due to the strong current fluctuations in
the Danish Straits, the stability hardly reaches values > 30%.
In Fig. 2 we present the corresponding bottom currents. The stability
patterns are quite similar to those obtained for the barotropic flow. The
most pronounced feature coincides with the barotropic circulation cell
in the Gotland Basin with
highest stabilities due to the barotropic component of the flow. However,
highest stabilities are in most cases not coupled with highest bottom velocities.
It should be noted, that in those areas where the stability is high, quasipermanent
currents
will be found, whereas in those areas where the stability is low high
variability of the currents occur. In areas of the deep basins where the
stability and the bottom currents are small, occasionally high bottom currents
can occur which may hinder
sedimentation or even lead to resuspension. However, for a resuspension
of sediment, the near bottom flow must be above a critical velocity. This
events may only be detected by considering the maximum bottom current velocities.
Bottom currents directed eastwards can be found in the Bornholm Gat
and the Stolpe Trench with stabilities higher than 50 %. The annual average
of the bottom current from the Arkona Basin into the Bornholm Basin through
the Bornholm
Gat reaches values of about 10 cm/s, and through the Stolpe Trench
5 further to the east. While the compensating inflow of highly saline water
through the Danish Straits is irregularly, the bottom flow through the
Bornholm Gat and
Stolpe Trench appears to be a persistent signal.
From the annual average of the horizontal velocity components the vertically averaged vertical velocity can be calculated (Fig. 3). Along the western coasts of the Baltic upwelling occurs in a distance of about 20 detected. The annual average of the surface wind results in southwesterly winds more or less homogenously distributed over the Baltic Sea. The interaction of the southwesterly winds together with the basinlike bottom topography determines the areas where most likely up and downwelling will occur. These areas can be regarded as the most active areas in the vertical exchange of water masses of the Baltic Sea. However, some dynamical patterns like the circulation cell in the eastern Gotland Basin are coupled with diapycnal exchange although the averaged vertical velocities are not as high as along the coasts.
| BASYS CALENDAR |
| Date | Event | Location | Contact |
| 15.-17.03.1999 | 6. MEETING SP6 (Baltic Sea Ice) | Hailuoto/Icebreaker, FI | alehmann@ifm.uni-kiel.de |
| 22.-24.03.1999 | 6. MEETING OF SP2 (Pelagic Fluxes) | IE Tallinn, EE | ulf_l@system.ecology.su.se |
| 12.-15.04.1999 | 4. MEETIMG OF SP7 (Paleoenvironment) | IO-PAS Sopot, PL | boris.winterhalter@gsf.fi |
| 23.04.1999 | 7. MEETING OF THE SSC (Scientific Steering Committee) | U Hamburg, DE | bodo.bodungen@io-warnemuende.de |
| 26.-27.04.1999 | 5. MEETING OF SP3A (Coastal-Basin Fluxes) | U Aarhus, DK | kay.emeis@io-warnemuende.de |
| Spring 1999 | 6. MEETING OF SP4 (Nearshore and Coastline Processes) | GI Greifswald, DE | kschwarzer@email.uni-kiel.de |
| May 1999 | 5. MEETING OF SP8 (System Analysis and Models) | EMI Tallinn, EE | fred@sysetm.ecology.su.se |
| 08.-09.06.1999 | 4. MEETING OF SP5 (Atmospheric Load) | IVL Gothenburg, SE | michael.schulz@dkrz.de |
| 31.07.1999 | FINAL REPORT | IO Warnemünde, DE | bodo.bodungen@io-warnemuende.de |
| 01.-17.09.1999 | ADVANCED STUDY COURSE:
Marine System Analysis |
IO Warnemünde, DE | karin.lochte@io-warnemuende.de, http://www.io-warnemuende.de/Projects/Basys/events/studycourse.htm |
| 20.-22.09.1999 | 3. ANNUAL BASYS CONFERENCE | IO Warnemünde, DE | bodo.bodungen@io-warnemuende.de, http://www.io-warnemuende.de/Projects/Basys/events/con3.htm |
| 31.10.1999 | OFFICIAL END OF BASYS |
| PROJECT INFORMATION |
| Subproject | Title | Coordinator | Mail to |
| 1A | Coordination and Data Management | Bodo von Bodungen | bodo.bodungen@io-warnemuende.de |
| 1B | Processing of Historical Data | Juergen Alheit | juergen.alheit@io-warnemuende.de |
| 2 | Pelagic Fluxes | Ulf Larsson | ulf_l@system.ecology.su.se |
| 3A | Coastal-Basin Fluxes | Kay-Christian Emeis | kay.emeis@io-warnemuende.de |
| 3B | Basin-Basin Fluxes | Matti Perttilae | matti.perttilae@fimr.fi |
| 4 | Nearshore and Coastline Processes | Peter
Stoffers
Klaus Schwarzer |
pstoffers@email.uni-kiel.de
kschwarzer@email.uni-kiel.de |
| 5 | Atmospheric Load | Michael Schulz | michael.schulz@dkrz.de |
| 6 | Baltic Sea Ice | Wolfgang
Krauss
Andreas Lehmann |
wkrauss@ifm.uni-kiel.de
alehmann@ifm.uni-kiel.de |
| 7 | Paleo-Environment | Boris Winterhalter | boris.winterhalter@gsf.fi |
| 8 | System Analysis and Modelling | Fredrik Wulff | fred@system.ecology.su.se |
| 9 | Circulation and Diapycnal Exchange | Gerd Becker | gerd.becker@m2.hamburg.bsh.d400.de |
| MAST office | Project Supervision | Christos Fragakis | christos.fragakis@dg12.cec.be |
| IMPRESSUM |
(Christoph Zuelicke, January 1999, email to: christoph.zuelicke@io-warnemuende.de)